ppt for 5 year plan

Posted: April 19, 2012 | Author: tarunguptaiitian | Filed under: Uncategorized | Leave a comment

five year plans of India

Five Year Plans short view

Posted: April 19, 2012 | Author: tarunguptaiitian | Filed under: Uncategorized | Leave a comment

Five Year Plans

1	First Plan (1951 – 56)	It was based on Harrod-Domar Model. Community Development Program was launched in 1952. Emphasized on agriculture, price stability, power & transport. It was more than a success, because of good harvests in the last two years.
2	Second Plan (1956 – 61)	Also called Mahalanobis Plan after its chief architect. Its objective was rapid industrialization. Advocated huge imports which led to emptying of funds leading to foreign loans. It shifted basic emphasis from agriculture to industry far too soon. During this plan, price level increased by 30%, against a decline of 13% during the First Plan.
3	Third Plan (1961 – 66)	At its conception time, it was felt that Indian economy has entered a take-off stage. Therefore, its aim was to make India a ‘self-reliant’ and ‘self-generating’ economy. Also, it was realized from the experience of first two plans that agriculture should be given the top priority to suffice the requirement of export and industry. Complete failure due to unforeseen misfortunes, viz. Chinese aggression (1962), Indo-Pak war (1965), severest drought in 100 years (1965-66).
4	Three Annual Plans (1966-69)	Plan holiday for 3years. The prevailing crisis in agriculture and serious food shortage necessitated the emhasis on agriculture during the Annual Plans. During these plans a whole new agricultural strategy involving wide-spread distribution of High-Yielding Varieties of seeds, the extensive use of fertilizers, exploitation of irrigation potential and soil conservation was put into action to tide-over the crisis in agricultural production. During the Annual Plans, the economy basically absorbed the shocks given during the Third Plan, making way for a planned growth.
5	Fourth Plan (1969 – 74)	Main emphasis on agriculture’s growth rate so that a chain reaction can start. Fared well in the first two years with record production, last three years failure because of poor monsoon. Had to tackle the influx of Bangladeshi refugees before and after 1971 Indo-Pak war.
6	Fifth Plan(1974-79)	The fifth plan prepared and launched by D.D. Dhar proposed to achieve two main objectives viz, ‘removal of poverty’ (Garibi Hatao) and ‘attainment of self reliance’, through promotion of high rate of growth, better distribution of income and a very significant growth in the domestic rate of savings. The plan was terminated in 1978 (instead of 1979) when Janta Govt.came to power.
7	Rolling Plan (1978 – 80)	There were 2 Sixth Plans. One by Janta Govt. (for 78-83) which was in operation for 2 years only and the other by the Congress Govt. when it returned to power in 1980.
8	Sixth Plan (1980 – 85)	Objectives: Increase in national income, modernization of technology, ensuring continuous decrease in poverty and unemployment, population control through family planning, etc.
9	Seventh Plan (1985 – 90)	The Seventh plan emphasized policies and programs which aimed at rapid growth in food-grains production, increased employment opportunities and productivity within the framework of basic tenants of planning. It was a great success, the economy recorded 6% growth rate against the targeted 5%.
10	Eighth Plan (1992 – 97)	The eighth plan was postponed by two years because of political upheavals at the Centre and it was launched after a worsening Balance of Payment position and inflation during 1990-91. The plan undertook various drastic policy measures to combat the bad economic situation and to undertake an annual average growth of 5.6% Some of the main economic performances during eighth plan period were rapid economic growth, high growth of agriculture and allied sector, and manufacturing sector, growth in exports and imports, improvement in trade and current account deficit.
11	Ninth Plan (1997- 2002)	It was developed in the context of four important dimensions: Quality of life, generation of productive employment, regional balance and self-reliance.
12	Tenth Plan (2002 – 2007)	To achieve the growth rate of GDP @ 8%. Reduction of poverty ratio to 20% by 2007 and to 10% by 2012. Providing gainful high quality employment to the addition to the labour force over the tenth plan period. Universal access to primary education by 2007. Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by atleast 50% by 2007. Reduction in decadal rate of population growth between 2001 and 2011 to 16.2%. Increase in literacy rate to 72% within the plan period and to 80% by 2012. Reduction of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) to 45 per 1000 live births by 2007 and to 28 by 2012. Increase in forest and tree cover to 25% by 2007 and 33% by 2012. All villages to have sustained access to potable drinking water by 2012. Cleaning of all major polluted rivers by 2007 and other notified stretches by 2012.

what is a presidential reference?

Posted: April 16, 2012 | Author: tarunguptaiitian | Filed under: Uncategorized | Leave a comment

Govt seeks clarifications from supreme court on 2G spectrum order

Today, the government has filed a ‘presidential reference’ with respect to the supreme court verdict in the 2G spectrum allocation. Here is a simple introduction to presidential reference:

What is a presidential reference?
Whenever the government is in doubt about legal issues or matters of great public interest and even disputes involving the states or the states and the union, it takes recourse to a ‘presidential reference’. It means, the matter is refered to the supreme court, which deliberates upon it and sends back its considered opinion to the president.

Why is it called ‘presidential reference’?
Since the government functions on behalf of the president, the reference is sent to the president and then submitted to the supreme court under her signature and seal.

Which constitutional provision provides such recourse and what exactly it says?
Article 143 of the constitution provides for presidential reference. It says: “(1) If at any time it appears to the President that a question of law or fact has arisen, or is likely to arise, which is of such a nature and of such public importance that it is expedient to obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court upon it, he may refer the question to that Court for consideration and the Court may, after such hearing as it thinks fit, report to the President its opinion thereon and
(2) The President may, notwithstanding anything in the proviso to Article 131, refer a dispute of the kind mentioned in the said proviso to the Supreme Court for opinion and the Supreme Court shall, after such hearing as it thinks fit, report to the President its opinion thereon”.

Article 131 deals with inter-state disputes and disputes between the union and the states and says the supreme court has the ‘original jurisdiction’ in the matter.

Why has the government sought a presidential reference on the 2G order?
The supreme court had, in its order of February 2, cancelled 122 2G licences granted during the tenure of telecom minister A Raja on the plea that these licences were issued in an ‘arbitrary’ and ‘unconstitutional’ way. The government had filed a review petition challenging the order which the court rejected. The government apparently thinks that certain policy and legal issues arising out of the 2G order need clarity in order to proceed further and re-issue the licences which the court had desired.

What are these policy and legal issues?
The government has sent eight questions to the supreme court. These include: whether the February order makes auctioning of the 2G licences compulsory; whether the order runs contrary to its earlier orders, whether the order is tantamount to intrusion of the court into the domain of policymaking; whether the order makes auctioning of all natural resources compulsory and whether the order is enforceable with retrospective effect, impacting on all the licenses granted on the basis of first-come-first-serve (FCFS) in the past.

Were there such references in the past too?
Yes, there have been several such instances in the past. Some of these are: Dispute between Punjab and Haryana over sharing of river water in 2004, selection of judges after the supreme court orders gave primacy to the judiciary over the executive and whether a Hindu temple existed at the Babri Masjid site after the masjid’s demolition.

List of Commissions

Posted: April 14, 2012 | Author: tarunguptaiitian | Filed under: Uncategorized | Leave a comment

List of Commissions

U.C.Benerjee Commission – Enquiry into Godhra carnage (Railways)

Nanavati-Shah – commission Posy Godhra riots

Palekar Tribunal – Journalist pays reforms

Hunter Commission – Jallianwalabagh massacre

Nanavati Commission – 1984 Sikh riots

Mukherjee Commission – Death/Disappearance of Subhash Chandra Bose

Librehan Commission – Babri Masjid demolition case

Sarkaria Commission – Centre-State relations

Sri Krishna Commission – 1992 Bombay riots

Thakkar Commission – Indira Gandhi assassination case

Phukhan Commission – Tehelka tapes

Malimath Commission – Criminal Justice

Upendra Commission – Inquiry on rape and murder Thangjem Manorama Devi

G.C.Garg Commission – Train accident near Khanna, Punjab

Mandal Commission – Reservation of seats for Backward castes

Kothari Commission – Educational reforms

BHASKAR GHOSH COMMITTEE

to review and restructure the cultural schemes.
committee was setup by Union Culture Ministry.

RAGHVAN COMMITTEE

monitering the measures to prevent ragging in higher educational institutions.
appointed by the Supreme Court.

M.M.PUNCHI COMMISSION

appointed to review centre -state relations,setup in 2008.
M.M.Punchi is former CJI.

YASH PAL COMMITEE

committee on Higher education.
submitted its report on ” Renovation and rejuvenation of higher education in India”.

JUSTICE LIBERHAN COMMISSSION

for probing events thet led to Babari Masjid demolition in Ayodhaya on December 6 1992 .
set up on 16 December 1992,submitted its report on june 30,2009 to P.M. Dr.Manmohan Singh.

SAMBASIVA RAO COMMITTEE

to examine possibility of introducing compulsory rural service for medicos.
recommended one year mandatory rural service for medicos.

DAVE COMMITTEE

to recommend on mutual fund industry
submitted its report to SEBI(securities and exchange board of India)

ASHOK JHA COMMITTEE

set up by Ministry of Housing and Urban poverty alleviation
to suggest measures and wages to uplift HUDCO’s financial position

2012 Abel Prize goes to Hungarian mathematician Endre Szemerédi

Posted: April 12, 2012 | Author: tarunguptaiitian | Filed under: Uncategorized | Leave a comment

The Abel Prize is an international prize presented annually by the King of Norway to one or more outstanding mathematicians. The Abel Prize, named after great Norwegian mathematical genius Niels Henrik Abel (1802-1829), is given in recognition of outstanding contributions to mathematical sciences and has been awarded annually since 2003.

Abel, who died at the age of 26, has often been compared with the Indian mathematical genius Srinivasa Ramanujan. The Prize was established in 2001 as part of Abel’s 200th birth anniversary. It carries a cash award of 6 million Norwegian Kroner (NOK), equivalent to €750,000 (about U.S$ 1 million), and is comparable in prestige, value and eligibility criterion to the Nobel Prize, which, does not cover mathematics.

It has often been described as the “mathematician’s Nobel prize” and is among the most prestigious awards in mathematics. It comes with a monetary award of six million kroner, (about 750,000 Euro) which is approx. (2012) 1.06 million US dollars.

The winning candidate is selected on the basis of the recommendation of an international committee of outstanding mathematicians chaired by a Norwegian. The current committee is headed by Ragni Piene, Professor at the University of Oslo and includes M.S. Raghunathan, formerly of the Tata Institute of Fundamental research (TIFR) and currently at the Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay (IIT-B), in Mumbai.

The International Mathematical Union and the European Mathematical Society nominate members of the Abel Committee. The amount of money that comes with the prize is usually close to US$ 1 million, similar to the Nobel Prizes, which are awarded in Sweden and Norway and do not have a category for mathematics. Norway gave the prize an initial funding of NOK 200,000,000 (about US$23,000,000) in 2001. The prize is an attempt at creating publicity for mathematics, making the discipline more prestigious, especially for young people.

The prize board has also established an Abel symposium, administered by the Norwegian Mathematical Society.

The award ceremony takes place in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law, where the Nobel Peace Prize was formerly awarded (1947–1989).

2012 Abel Prize

The winner of the prestigious Abel Prize of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters for the year 2012 is 72-year-old Hungarian mathematician Endre Szemerédi of the Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, and Department of Computer Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in the United States.

Szemerédi’s highly influential work has proved to be a game-changer in many areas of mathematics.

The announcement was made by the President of the Norwegian Academy in Oslo on 20.03.2012 and the award is being given “for his fundamental contributions to discrete mathematics and theoretical computer science, and in recognition of the profound and lasting impact of these contributions on additive number theory and ergodic theory.”

Szemerédi has been described as a mathematician with exceptional research power and his influence in diverse areas of present-day mathematics has been enormous. The festschrift volume, titled An Irregular Mind, published on his 70th birthday, ascribes his unique way of thinking and extraordinary mathematical vision as perhaps due to his brain being wired differently — “an irregular mind” — than most mathematicians.

Discrete mathematics is the study of structures such as graphs, sequences, permutations and geometric configurations and it is the mathematics of such structures that forms the foundation of theoretical computer science and information theory. For example, the tools of graph theory can be used to analyse communication networks such as the Internet. Similarly, the designing of efficient computational algorithms relies crucially on insights from discrete mathematics.

Szemerédi, says the citation, “has revolutionized discrete mathematics by introducing ingenious and novel techniques, and by solving many fundamental problems”. His work has brought combinatorics to the centre-stage of mathematics by bringing to bear its application in many areas of mathematics such as additive number theory, ‘ergodic’ theory, theoretical computer science and ‘incidence’ geometry.

The Abel Committee has noted that Szemerédi’s approach belongs to the strong Hungarian problem-solving tradition exemplified by mathematicians such as George Pólya and yet the theoretical impact of his work has been enormous.

Interestingly, Szemerédi entered mathematics somewhat late. He attended medical school for a year and worked in a factory before switching to mathematics. His extraordinary mathematical talent was discovered when he was a young student in Budapest by his mentor, famous Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdõs. He studied at the Eõtvõs Loránd University in Budapest and obtained his Ph.D. in 1970 under Israel M. Gelfand at Moscow State University.

Szemerédi proved several fundamental theorems of tremendous importance. Many of his results have opened up new avenues in mathematics and form the basis for future research. He first attracted international attention in 1976 with his solution of what is known as the Erdõs-Turan Conjecture. In its proof, Szemerédi had used a masterpiece of combinatorial reasoning, which was immediately recognised to have exceptional depth and power. A key step in the proof, now known as the Szemerédi Regularity Lemma, is used for classification of large graphs.

Many of Szemerédi’s discoveries that have had great impact on discrete mathematics and theoretical computer science carry his name. Examples in discrete mathematics include the Szemerédi-Trotter Theorem, the Ajtai-Komlós-Szemerédi semi-random method, the Erdõs-Szemerédi sum-product theorem, and the Balog-Szemerédi-Gowers Lemma. Examples in theoretical computer science include the Ajtai-Komlós-Szemerédi sorting network, the Fredman-Komlós-Szemerédi hashing scheme and the Paul-Pippenger-Szemerédi-Trotter theorem.

Abel Laureates 2003 – 2012

Year	Laureate(s)	Institution	Citation
2003	Jean-Pierre Serre	Collège de France	“for playing a key role in shaping the modern form of many parts of mathematics, including topology, algebraic geometry and number theory”
2004	Michael F. Atiyah Isadore M. Singer	University of Edinburgh MIT	“for their discovery and proof of the index theorem, bringing together topology, geometry and analysis, and their outstanding role in building new bridges between mathematics and theoretical physics”
2005	Peter D. Lax	Courant Institute, NYU	“for his groundbreaking contributions to the theory and application of partial differential equations and to the computation of their solutions”
2006	Lennart Carleson	Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan	“for his profound and seminal contributions to harmonic analysis and the theory of smooth dynamical systems”
2007	S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan	Courant Institute, NYU	“for his fundamental contributions to probability theory and in particular for creating a unified theory of large deviation”
2008	John G. Thompson Jacques Tits	University of Florida Collège de France	“for their profound achievements in algebra and in particular for shaping modern group theory”
2009	Mikhail Gromov	IHÉS Courant Institute, NYU	“for his revolutionary contributions to geometry”
2010	John T. Tate	UT Austin	“for his vast and lasting impact on the theory of numbers”
2011	John Milnor	Stony Brook University	“for pioneering discoveries in topology, geometry, and algebra”
2012	Endre Szemerédi	Alfréd Rényi Institute and Rutgers University	“for his fundamental contributions to discrete mathematics and theoretical computer science, and in recognition of the profound and lasting impact of these contributions on additive number theory and ergodic theory”

Posted: April 12, 2012 | Author: tarunguptaiitian | Filed under: Uncategorized | Leave a comment

ergodic anecdotes

Beas: Vyas- from the Vyaas RishiMuni’s name

Jhelum was called Vitast&; by the Rigvedic tribes in the Vedic period and Hydaspes by the ancient Greeks. The Vitasta is mentioned as one of the major rivers by the holy scriptures of the Indo-Aryans the Rigveda.

Chenab: The river was known to Indians in the Vedic period as Ashkini or Iskmati and as Acesines to the Ancient Greeks.

Ravi: The Ravi was known as Parushani or Iravati to Indians in Vedic times and Hydraotes to the Ancient Greeks.

Sutlej: The Sutlej was known as Shatadru or Suṭudri in the Vedic period.

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My BookMARKS

Posted: April 11, 2012 | Author: tarunguptaiitian | Filed under: Uncategorized | Leave a comment

most overlooked part of Europe

Posted: April 11, 2012 | Author: tarunguptaiitian | Filed under: Uncategorized | Leave a comment

EXIM BANK OF INDIA AND LINES OF CREDIT (LOCs)

Posted: April 11, 2012 | Author: tarunguptaiitian | Filed under: Uncategorized | Leave a comment

EXIM BANK OF INDIA AND LINES OF CREDIT (LOCs)

Export-Import (Exim) Bank of India is an apex financial institution, fully owned by the
Government of India. Exim Bank was set up in 1982 under an Act of Parliament of India,
viz. Export-Import Bank of India Act, 1981, to finance, facilitate and promote India’s
international trade. It is the principal financial institution in the country for coordinating the
working of institutions engaged in financing exports and imports. Exim Bank has a range of
financing and support programmes to achieve its mission. One such financing programme
is Lines of Credit (LOCs).

Government of India (GOI) offers Lines of Credit (LOCs) to India’s trading partners in the
developing countries to import Indian equipment, technology, projects, goods and services,
on deferred credit terms. These LOCs are routed by GOI, through Exim Bank, and carry
concessional interest rates and repayment periods. The terms are determined on the basis
of levels of income and external debts of the recipient countries. Exim Bank extends and
operates its own LOCs, which are made available on commercial terms, besides the LOCs,
extended at the behest of GOI.

What are the benefits of LOCs?

These LOCs enable the recipient countries to set up developmental projects in a variety of
sectors e.g. agricultural mechanization, rural electrification, power generation, power
distribution, sugar, cement, mini-hydroplants, transportation-rail and road. These countries
can acquire Indian equipment and technology, which are found to be appropriate, adaptive
and affordable in Africa. To facilitate this process, Government of India/Exim Bank of India
provide LOCs, on attractive credit terms. Indian project exporters/suppliers/service
providers can obtain payment of eligible value from Exim Bank, without recourse to them,
against negotiation of shipping documents/payment authorization by the LOC recipient
overseas entities. LOC is a financing mechanism that provides a safe mode of non-
recourse financing option to Indian project exporters/ suppliers/service providers.

It contributes to capacity building in countries where the projects are carried out, opens new
market opportunities for Indian companies and generates goodwill for India.

Scientific Instruments And Appliances

Posted: April 11, 2012 | Author: tarunguptaiitian | Filed under: Uncategorized | Leave a comment

Scientific Instruments And Appliances

Altimeter is a special type of aneroid barometer, used in measuring altitudes.

Ammeter is an instrument to measure the strength of an electric current.

Anemometer is an instrument to measure the velocity and find the direction of the wind.

Audiometer is an instrument to measure difference in hearing.

Barometer is used for measuring atmospheric pressure.

Binocular is an optical instrument designed for magnified view of distant objects by both eyes simultaneously.

Calorimeter is an instrument for measuring quantities of heat.

Chronometer is a clock to determine longitude of a vessel of sea.
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Clinical Thermometer is a thermometer for measuring the temperature of human body.

Calorimeter is an instrument for comparing intensities of color.

Commutator is an instrument to change of reverse the direction of an electric current. In dynamo used to convert the alternating current into direct current.

Computer is a technical device designed to find instantaneous solutions of huge and complex calculation based on the information already fed.

Dynamo is a device for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Electroscope is an instrument for detecting the presence of electric charge.

Galvanometer is an instrument for measuring electric current.

Hydrometer is an instrument for measuring the relative density of liquids.

Hydrophone is an instrument for measuring sound under water.

Hygrometer is an instrument for measuring the relative humidity of the atmosphere.

Hygroscope is an instrument to show the changes in atmospheric humidity.

Lactometer is an instrument for measuring the relative density of milk.

Micrometer is an instrument used for accurately measuring small distances or angles.

Manometer is instrument to measure the pressure of gases.

Magnetometer is an instrument used to compare the magnetic moments and fields,

Mariner’s Compass is an apparatus for determining direction, graduated to indicate 33 directions. The “N” point on the dial indicates north pole and the “S” point, south pole.

Microscope is an instrument for magnified view of very small objects.

Periscope is an apparatus for viewing objects lying above the eye level of the observer and whose direct vision is obstructed. It consists of a tube bent twice at right angles and having plane mirrors at these bends inclined at angles of 45 to the tube.

Photometer is an instrument for comparing the luminous intensity of the sources of light.

Planimeter is a mechanical integrating instrument to measure area of a plane surface.

Pyknometer is an instrument used to measure the density and co-efficient of expansion of liquid.

Pyrheliometer is an instrument for measuring solar radiations.

Pyrometers are thermometers to measure high temperatures.

Quadrant is an instrument for measuring altitudes and angles in navigation and astronomy.

Quartz clock is a highly accurate clock used in astronomical observations and other precision work.

Radio micrometer is an instrument for measuring heat radiations.

Rain gauge is an instrument for measuring rainfall.

Refractometer is an instrument used to measure the refractive index of a substance.

Resistance thermometer is used for determining the electrical resistance of conductor.

Salinometer is a type of hydrometer used to determine the concentration of salt solutions by measuring their densities.

Seismograph is an instrument used for recording the intensity and origin of earthquake shocks.

Sextant is an instrument used for measurement of angular distances between two objects.

Spectroscope is an instrument used for spectrum analysis.

Spectrometer is a type of spectroscope so calibrated as to make it suitable for the precise measurement of refractive indices.

Spherometer is an instrument used for accurately measuring the curvature of spherical objects.

Sphygmomanometer is an apparatus for measuring blood pressure.

Spring balance is used to measure the mass of a body. It is preferred only when quick but approximate determinations are to be carried out.

Stereoscope is an optical device to see two dimensional pictures as having depth and solidity.

Stethoscope is a medical instrument for hearing and analyzing the sound of heart and lungs.

Stroboscope is an instrument used for viewing the objects moving rapidly with a periodic motion and to see them as if they were at rest.

Tangent galvanometer is an instrument for measuring the strength of direct current.

Telemeter is an apparatus for recording physical events happening at a distance.

Teleprinter is a communication medium for automatic sending, receiving and printing of telegraphic message from distant places.

Telescope is an instrument for viewing distant objects as magnified.

Television is an instrument used for transmitting the visible moving images by means of wireless waves.

Thermometer is an instrument to measure the temperature.

Thermoscope is used for measuring the temperature change (approximately) of the substances by nothing the corresponding change in volume.

Thermostat is an automatic device for regulating constant tempera-tures.

Transistor is a small device which may be used to amplify currents and perform other functions usually performed by a thermionic value.

Vernier is an adjustable scale with marking of 10 sub-divisions of one-tenth of an inch or any other suitable marking for measuring small sub-divisions of scale.

Viscometer is an instrument for measuring the viscosity, i.e. the property of resistance of a fluid to relative motion within itself.

Voltmeter is an instrument to measure potential difference between two points.

IAS shrugged

Energy is equal to desire and purpose.

ppt for 5 year plan

Five Year Plans short view

Five Year Plans

what is a presidential reference?

List of Commissions

2012 Abel Prize goes to Hungarian mathematician Endre Szemerédi

My BookMARKS

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